Article about tenure by The Free Dictionarytenure, in lawtenure, in law, manner in which property in land is held. The nature of tenure has long been of great importance, both in law and in the broader economic and political context. Tenure has varied greatly from feudal to modern times; although the patterns of transition have been many, the essential nature of the problem and its legal complexities can be seen in the development of tenure in English law. Feudal Tenure and Its Evolution. The term tenure may refer to landholding of any type; it usually implies, however, that the landholder does not have absolute possession but derives the right from some other person. This meaning of the word originates from its sense in feudalism; so used, tenure is the antithesis of alodalod. In feudal tenure, lands held without obligation to any suzerain (overlord) were termed held in alod. Alodial lands existed in England and on the Continent. They became less common as landowners sought protection by turning their lands over to more powerful lords and... Click the link for more information., absolute ownership without obligation to others. The modern Anglo- American law of land developed out of the institutions of English feudalism established after the Norman Conquest (1. Theoretically, the monarch was the ultimate owner of all the land; in practice, however, certain land was held according to earlier custom. Those who were feudal tenants always held land of another (the lord or landlord) to whom obligations were owed. The type of tenure essentially established the tenant's social status; the term estate (deriving from status) thus came to be applied to the various types of tenure. The early tenures were classified basically as free or unfree. Unfree, or servile, tenure was generally that of the villeinvillein. The term applies especially to serfs in England, where by the 1. Tenancy by custom eventually became a permanent right in the property when such tenures were recorded in the copy rolls (parchment records) of the manorial court, and the villein became a copyhold tenant. The various types of free tenure are sometimes described as means for ensuring performance of all the services required by the state. Military needs were guaranteed by knight tenure (see knightknight,in ancient and medieval history, a noble who did military service as a mounted warrior. The Knight in Ancient History. In ancient history, as in Athens and Rome, the knight was a noble of the second class who in military service had to furnish his own mount... Click the link for more information. Spiritual welfare was provided for by frankalmoign tenure, i. Serjeantyserjeantyor sergeanty, a type of tenure in English feudalism in which the tenant held his lands from the king or overlord in return for the performance of some personal, often menial, service... Click the link for more information. Finally, the vital cultivation of the land was accomplished by socage tenure wherever villeinage was not in use. Socage tenure is especially important because it is the basis of all modern estates, while the other classes of tenure have all disappeared. The socage tenant, or socager, held his land in return for performing duties to the lord. These incidents of socage were essentially like the aidsaids,in feudalism, type of feudal due paid by a vassal to his suzerain (overlord). Aids varied with time and place, although in English- speaking countries aids were traditionally due on the knighting of the lord's eldest son, on the marriage of the lord's eldest daughter, and... Click the link for more information. It applied especially to the vassals of the king. Scutage collection increased noticeably in the later 1. Click the link for more information. This was the payment of a sum to the lord for permission to alien (or alienate) the estate, i. The right of free alienation, a cornerstone of modern property law, was partly guaranteed in 1. Quia emptores, which abolished the fine. Strengthening Tenure And Resource Rights Starr Program PlymouthHowever, freedom to dispose of land by will on the tenant's death was not established until passage of the Statute of Wills (1. In inheritance of land primogenitureprimogeniture,in law, the rule of inheritance whereby land descends to the oldest son. Under the feudal system of medieval Europe, primogeniture generally governed the inheritance of land held in military tenure (see feudalism; knight)... Click the link for more information. Of Anglo- Saxon origin, the custom was abolished by law in 1. Click the link for more information. If the tenant had no heir the estate went back to the lord; such reversion was called escheat. Socage tenure eventually developed many varieties, commonly called fees. The freehold fees are fee simple, fee tail, and life fee. A fee simple is essentially absolute ownership of land; it includes, therefore, complete freedom of alienation and (since 1. An estate in fee tail was one bestowed as a gift to the donee and to his issue (children) or a class (male or female) of his issue. Read literally, the terms of the grant prevented alienation of the land out of the prescribed line of succession. A life fee or a life estate was one that would endure for the lifetime of the grantee and after his death would go to some other person. The life tenant had no power of alienation. Nonfreehold estates include estates for years, periodic estates, estates at will, and estates at sufferance. An estate for years is one that will expire at the end of a fixed period. A periodic estate is one for a set term, which is automatically renewed if neither party takes steps to terminate it. Most modern leases of real property and buildings establish periodic estates. A tenancy at will is one that may be terminated by the tenant or the landlord; it is generally interpreted by a court as being implied from the facts. An estate at sufferance arises when a tenant continues to occupy the land after the right to occupancy has expired; the tenancy subsists only so long as the landlord does not object. The struggle over whether land should be freely alienable dominated English land law; it was resolved by the 1. The ultimate effect of this tendency was to assimilate the law of real propertyproperty,rights to the enjoyment of things of economic value, whether the enjoyment is exclusive or shared, present or prospective. The rightful possession of such rights is called ownership... Click the link for more information. At the time of the American colonization this development to free alienation was already well advanced; hence, few of the typically feudal features of land law were adopted in America. Today some of the states provide that landownership shall be in free and common socage and others that it shall be alodial. Winrock International is a nonprofit organization that works with people in the United States and. Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Program. Strengthening Tenure and Resource Rights (STARR), sub to. AID-OAA-I-12-00032/AID-663-TO-13-00005, under the Strengthening Tenure and Resource Rights (STARR) Indefinite Quantity Contract (IQC). Tetra Tech contacts: Dr. Solomon Bekure, Chief of Party ([email protected]). Strengthening Tenure and Resource Rights (STARR) - REQUEST FOR COMMENT ONLY Federal Project. Tetra Tech Wins $700 Million Multiple-Award USAID Land Tenure and Resource Rights Program. Strengthening Tenure and Resource Rights (STARR) program. Strengthening Tenure and Resources Rights (STARR). STARR is a five-year program anticipated to run from 2012 to 2017 with an estimated. ME&A implements the Advanced Science & Partnerships for Integrated Resource. In practice there is little difference. Land Tenure as a Modern Problem. In modern times land tenure has been a vexing economic and political issue throughout the world; it has given impetus to nationalism and to revolution, especially in largely agrarian Asia, Africa, and Latin America. In the 1. 9th and 2. Strengthening Tenure And Resource Rights Starr Program NyAfter the French Revolution, security of tenure was provided for French cultivators, but elsewhere in Europe, where servile obligations were generally abolished by 1. Thus there arose the demand for peasant proprietorship through the purchase or appropriation of land by the government, which would then resell small parcels to the peasantry on easy terms. Also, agitation began for legislation favorable to tenants regarding rent, sale, lease, land improvement, and absentee landlordism. Since the late 1. The long- term result of conquest, confiscation, and colonization was the creation of a class of English and Scottish landlords and of an... Click the link for more information.) and the Scandinavian countries being among the first. Most recently in Europe, especially where the long establishment of secure tenure has led to minute subdivision, government activity has tended to favor some consolidation of holdings, as in the Netherlands. In the 1. 9th cent. However, problems did develop, notably in the struggle of the sheep or cattle ranchers, who desired secure tenure for the vast lands they required, against the small farmers, who in turn wanted the right to settle and own parts of these tracts. These difficulties, particularly prominent in Australia, were resolved in the several nations by the early 2. Legislation was also passed in the 2. The fundamental purchase enactment in the United States was the Bankhead- Jones Farm Tenant Act (1. In Latin America, however, the tenure problem remains widespread, and in many countries a few owners still hold most of the land, while the majority of the cultivators are squatters. Tenure in Transition: Africa and Asia. Characteristically, under customary tenures the rights of peasant transfer remain limited, obligations for the payment of rent are often imposed upon the cultivating community as a whole, and debts are hereditary from generation to generation. Such conditions still prevail in much of Africa and Asia. In the Middle East, tenure was long dominated by customary and feudal characteristics and also by religious considerations. Under Muslim rule the state theoretically owned all land, and rent and other tenure conditions were different for Muslims and non- Muslims. A wide variety of tenures grew up, including free usage of land for religious purposes and unrestricted ownership. These have had counterparts in Europe under customary tenures. Large- scale reform and redistribution of land were begun in Egypt by the laws of 1. Turkey passed reforms in 1. British reforms in India also illustrate some of the complex problems of replacing customary tenures with a contractual system. In contrast to native systems, the British introduced easy transfer of agricultural holdings and allowed foreclosure of property for debt. Consequently the commercially knowledgeable class, the moneylenders, were able to gain many holdings because the poor and inexperienced peasantry contracted unrepayable debts.
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